International Congress on Nosocomial and Healthcare Associated Infections October 02-04, 2017 Las Vegas,Nevada,USA

Medical devices are responsible for a large proportion of nosocomial infections, mainly in critically ill patients. The infections associated with the devices can cause significant medical and economic sequelae. The bacterial colonization of the indwelling device may be a prelude to both the infection and the malfunction of the device. The pathogenesis of the infections associated with the devices is centred on the multifaceted interaction of microbial, device and hosts factors.

Surgical site Infection is a type of infection associated with healthcare in which a wound infection occurs after an invasive (surgical) procedure. They have a significant effect on the quality of life of the patient and are associated with significant morbidity and prolonged hospital stay. Further these infections result in considerable financial burden for health care providers.

A urinary tract infection is an infection relating to any part of the urinary system, including the urethra, bladder, ureters and kidneys. It is the most common type of hospital infection, among which urinary catheter infection is more frequent and caused by the urinary catheter, which is a tube inserted into the bladder through the urethra to drain the urine. 

Pneumonia contracted by a patient in a hospital at least 48-72 hours after admission is known as Nosocomial pneumonia and Pneumonia associated with health risk factors such as prior hospitalization, dialysis, residing in a nursing home, immunocompromised condition is classified as a health care-associated pneumonia.

Blood Infections or Bacteraemia or Sepsis occurs when a bacterial infection occur somewhere else in the body such as in the lungs or skin which enters the blood stream. This is dangerous because bacteria and their toxins can be transported through the bloodstream to the entire body.

Opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi or protozoa that take advantage of an opportunity that is not normally available such as a host with a weakened immune system, a modified micro biota (like disturbed Intestinal flora) or violated the integumentary barriers. Many of these pathogens do not cause disease in a healthy host that is a normal immune system. However, a compromised immune system, penetrating injury or lack of competition from normal commensals presents an opportunity for the pathogen to infect.

Emerging infectious diseases are caused by newly recognized species or strains (such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, HIV / AIDS) that may have evolved from a known infection (such as influenza) or spread to a new population (Such as West Nile fever) or undergoing ecological transformation (such as Lyme disease) or re-emerging infections, such as drug-resistant tuberculosis. Nosocomial infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are emerging in hospitals and are extremely difficult to treat as they are resistant to many antibiotics. Many emerging diseases are zoonotic - an animal reservoir incubates the body with only intermittent transmission in human populations.

Antibiotics are one of the most important therapeutic discoveries in the history of medicine. They have revolutionized the way we treat patients with infections and help reduce mortality and morbidity. Unfortunately, antibiotics are more likely to be misused. They are often unnecessarily prescribed for viral infections, against which they have no effect. Not only antibiotics, other antivirals and antimicrobials are losing their effectiveness due to their irrational use and causing antimicrobial resistance.

Microbial Pathogenesis reviews about the molecular and cellular mechanisms of infectious diseases. It covers microbiology, host-pathogen interaction and immunology related to infectious agents. Antimicrobial resistance refers to the natural ability of microbes to evolve genetically to counter medications. The misuse of antibiotics leads to the appearance and selection of resistant bacteria. Now the whole world is facing situation where infected patients cannot be treated effectively because the responsible bacterium is totally resistant to the antibiotics available.

Infection control concerns the prevention of nosocomial and healthcare acquired infections. These infections are often caused by violations of infection control practices and procedures, contaminated and non-sterile surfaces or by sick hospital staff. It requires an integrated approach, a follow-up program that includes the following key elements as limiting the transmission of organisms between patients in direct patient care through hand washing and the use of appropriate gloves and aseptic practice, strategies for isolation, sterilization and disinfection practices, and nutrition and immunization, limiting the risk of endogenous infections minimizing invasive procedures and promoting optimal use of antimicrobials, infection surveillance, Identification and control of epidemics, prevention of infection among staff members, strengthening of patient care practices and continuous training of staff.

Microbial biofilms develop when microorganisms irreversibly adhere to a submerged surface and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate adhesion and provide a structural matrix. The Surface may be an inert, non-living or living tissue. Microorganisms may originate from the skin of patients or health workers, from tap water to which ports of entry are exposed, or from other sources in the environment. To better understand and control biofilms on permanent medical devices, researchers must develop reliable sampling and measurement techniques, study the role of biofilms in antimicrobial resistance, and to establish the link between biofilm contamination and infection of the patient.

Epidemiology is the "who, what, when, and where" of infectious diseases. The agents are transmitted through the air, food, insects, and some spread through person to person. Some agents occur worldwide, and others only in certain geographic areas or ecological circumstances. Every life form built its own profile vital. It is essential to discover the emergence of "new" diseases. Epidemiology helps develop the methodology to be used in clinical research studies, and  to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences. Epidemiological studies involve an introduction, all the historical background, sources of surveillance data, laboratory diagnosis, the biological characteristics of the organism, mechanisms and routes of transmission, pathogenesis and immunity response the host, and finally the prevention, control and treatment. Epidemiologists with the help of the study design, data collection and statistical analysis of data, as well as the interpretation and dissemination of results that include peer review and the occasional systematic review. In this, they help implement and evaluate interventions at individual and community level

• To prevent infection (primary prevention)
• To prevent the development of disease (secondary prevention) and also
• To prevent death and disability (tertiary prevention) associated with the disease

Nosocomial infections are a major challenge for patient safety. Empirical antibiotic therapy should be based on careful clinical assessment and local epidemiological data regarding potential pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility. The chosen therapy should be effective, limit toxicity, and be the narrowest spectrum possible. The choice of antibiotic formulations parenteral, orally or topically is performed on the basis of clinical presentation (the site and severity of infection). Oral administration is preferred if possible. Antibiotic combinations should be used selectively and only for specific indications such as enterococcal endocarditis, tuberculosis and mixed infections. The doctor must decide whether antibiotic treatment is really necessary. In patients with fever, non-infectious diagnoses must be considered. Symptomatic treatment of shock, hypoventilation, and other complications should be provided, as well as broad-spectrum empiric antimicrobial therapy administration.

A vaccine is a biological product that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease

A vaccination is the injection of a killed or weakened organism that produces immunity against particular organism in the body.

Immunization is the process by which a person or animal is protected from disease. Vaccines cause immunization, and there are also some diseases that cause immunization after a person recovers from the disease.

Clinical microbiology plays a key role in individual and community health. Clinical microbiology laboratory plays essential role for the welfare of our people to analyse samples from patients and collecting data that allow the correct diagnosis to be made for victims of infectious diseases. They are sentinel events for bioterrorism and natural outbreaks of infection that threaten public health of the communities they serve. These laboratories provide vital information which guides the choice of antimicrobial therapy right for patients to infections that can be treated. They are the first to recognize the emergence of resistance to commonly used antimicrobial drugs. People working in clinical microbiology laboratories are highly trained professionals who make countless decisions every day that save lives and benefit the patients and at risk in our society.

Biological agents including micro-organisms and toxins produced by living organisms, can cause health problems among workers. Influenza is an example of a biological hazard that affects a large population of workers. Occupational Health hazards results from exposure in the workplace to a physical, chemical or biological agent in such a way that his normal physiological mechanisms are affected and the health of the worker is impaired.

Microbes are all over the world and in every possible environment. For example into the soil, one gram contains billions of microbes and all their related activities. Imagine the challenge to explore all the main groups of microbes found in each of the biomes of the earth given the scale of their immense diversity. So imagine the challenge of developing strategies to exploit and manipulate their activities. This is what environmental microbiology is about.

Medical Microbiology deals with the body’s response towards invading microorganisms. Bacteriology, virology, mycology, parasitology, the main sub-fields of microbiology are first covered with the general concepts of cytology and physiology of different microbes, and with major pathogens of man. Microbial generations are smart enough to cause a change in their resistance patterns, opening a pathway for the development of new strategies and emerging trends in the fight against microbial infections. There has been a huge change in methods and diagnostic tools from frame of the nucleic acid to circulate biomarker studies.

Pharmaceutical Microbiology includes research and development of antibiotic resistance, anti-infective agents, the use of microorganisms to detect carcinogenic activity and mutagenic in scheduled drugs, as well as the use of microorganisms in the making pharmaceutical products such as human growth hormone and insulin. It also focuses on the safety of medicines and also determines how a product will react in cases of contamination.

Clinical studies help invent new treatment methods that help provide effective treatment. Case reports on infectious diseases include research, biology, epidemiology and clinical aspects of all diseases related to infection

Health professionals and specialists in the field of microbial infection control, prevention and treatment can exhibit their products and make presentations on their products and research that should be useful in research work, business development and marketing.

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The global hospital acquired infections testing market is poised to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 19.1% over the next decade to reach approximately $2.75 billion by 2025.

The global market for selected healthcare-acquired infection (HAI) treatments was valued at nearly $15.2 billion in 2014. This market is expected to increase from nearly $17.1 billion in 2015 to $23 billion by 2020, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.1% from 2015 to 2020.

Estimated cost of treating resistant infections in U.S. health care system is about $21 billion to $34 billion annually